Title: Minihongo (EN) / 02 Grammar / 04 Particles
Tags: Particles

GrammarName: Topic Marker
Example: この 本(ほん)は 良(よ)い。
ExampleTranslation: This book is good.
Explanation: Sets the stage: "As for X..." Fills the [who] slot in the sentence frame. Tells the listener what this sentence is about.
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Category: Particles

GrammarName: Topic Marker
Example: 私(わたし)は 目(め)が 良(よ)い。
ExampleTranslation: As for me, my eyes are good. (は = topic, が = subject within)
Explanation: Sets the stage: "As for X..." Fills the [who] slot in the sentence frame. Tells the listener what this sentence is about.
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Category: Particles

GrammarName: Subject Marker
Example: 誰(だれ)が 来(く)る？
ExampleTranslation: Who is coming?
Explanation: Subject. Who does it. New information.
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Category: Particles

GrammarName: Object Marker
Example: 水(みず)を 飲(の)む。
ExampleTranslation: I drink water.
Explanation: Fills the [what] slot. What the action is done to.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Direction, Time, Location
Example: 山(やま)に 行(い)く。
ExampleTranslation: I go to the mountain.
Explanation: Fills the [when] and [where] slots. Destination (go to), time (at 3), location of existence (is at).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Direction, Time, Location
Example: 夜(よる)に 寝(ね)る。
ExampleTranslation: I sleep at night.
Explanation: Fills the [when] and [where] slots. Destination (go to), time (at 3), location of existence (is at).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Direction, Time, Location
Example: 家(いえ)に 動物(どうぶつ)がいる。
ExampleTranslation: An animal is in the house.
Explanation: Fills the [when] and [where] slots. Destination (go to), time (at 3), location of existence (is at).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Location of Action, Means
Example: 家(いえ)で 読(よ)む。
ExampleTranslation: I read at home.
Explanation: Where things happen, what tools you use. Compare に: に = where things exist, で = where things happen.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Location of Action, Means
Example: 手(て)で 書(か)く。
ExampleTranslation: I write by hand.
Explanation: Where things happen, what tools you use. Compare に: に = where things exist, で = where things happen.
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Category: Particles

GrammarName: Possessive / Connector
Example: 私(わたし)の 本(ほん)。
ExampleTranslation: My book.
Explanation: Connects nouns. Also turns verbs into nouns (see section 5).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Possessive / Connector
Example: 山(やま)の 上(うえ)。
ExampleTranslation: Top of the mountain.
Explanation: Connects nouns. Also turns verbs into nouns (see section 5).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: And, With, Quotation
Example: 水(みず)と 本(ほん)を 買(か)った。
ExampleTranslation: I bought water and a book.
Explanation: And, with, quotation. Quotes anything: speech, thoughts, sounds, names.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: And, With, Quotation
Example: 「行(い)く」と 言(い)った。
ExampleTranslation: He said "I'll go."
Explanation: And, with, quotation. Quotes anything: speech, thoughts, sounds, names.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Also
Example: 父(ちち)は 本(ほん)を 読(よ)む。母(はは)も 読(よ)む。
ExampleTranslation: Father reads books. Mother also reads.
Explanation: Also. Replaces は, が, or を.
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Category: Particles

GrammarName: From / Until
Example: 家(いえ)から 山(やま)まで 行(い)く。
ExampleTranslation: I go from home to the mountain.
Explanation: Start points (from), end points (until). から also gives reasons (because).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: From / Until
Example: 夜(よる)まで 待(ま)つ。
ExampleTranslation: I wait until night.
Explanation: Start points (from), end points (until). から also gives reasons (because).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Comparison
Example: 山(やま)より 大(おお)きい。
ExampleTranslation: Bigger than a mountain.
Explanation: Xより = "more than X." One particle, all comparisons.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: Comparison
Example: 水(みず)より 食(た)べ物(もの)が 好(す)きだ。
ExampleTranslation: I like food more than water.
Explanation: Xより = "more than X." One particle, all comparisons.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles

GrammarName: From / Until
Example: 寒(さむ)いから、家(いえ)にいる。
ExampleTranslation: It's cold, so I stay home.
Explanation: Start points (from), end points (until). から also gives reasons (because).
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Category: Particles